The Bolshevik Revolution Peace, Land, And Bread

The Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution: â€Å"Peace, Land, and Bread† In the early 1900’s, Russia was a country ripe for a revolution; with a dwindling tsar autocracy deteriorating due to poor leadership, overworked and poverty stricken citizens, World War I in motion, and numerous attempts at economic, social or political reforms, which all failed, the people of Russia had had enough and decided that the year 1917 was the right time to create the Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution. In the years leading up to the formation of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the country of Russia had undergone multiple series of wars. These wars included: The Crimean War (1854-56), The Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), and The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Undergoing all these wars required a lot from the state; the requirements being tax dollars and manpower (troops/armies). Russia was defeated in all of the wars listed above except for one, the one being the battle against Turkey. These series of wars also caused great displeasure among the people and caused suffering in the country s economy and government. Along with these wars, there were three major groups that backed the cause of the revolution. The first major group was the peasants; they were the ones who maintained the majority of the population in Russia. They were extremely poor and could barely escape famine from harvest to harvest. The population boom that occurred in Russia from 1867 to 1896 significantly impacted the peasants. TheShow MoreRelatedHow Accurate Is It to Say That Lenin’s Leadership Was the Most Important Reason for the Bolshevik’s Success in the Revolution of November 1917?1413 Words   |  6 Pagesin the revolution of November 1917? Lenin’s leadership was to a large extent an important cause of the Bolshevik’s success in the November 1917 revolution. This is because of Lenin’s great leadership skills, including his personality and timing, and his use of propaganda. Other factors to why the Bolsheviks succeeded included Trotsky’s role, which was debatably more important, and the problems with the Provisional Government, which made it unpopular, increasing support to the Bolsheviks and meantRead MoreThe Russian Revolution and the Orange Revolution738 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Russian Revolution of 1917. The Russian people were dissatisfied with the authoritarian rule of the Tsar and years of the majority living in poverty, with few resources. These problems were multiplied with Russia’s participation in World War I which strained resources further and removed skilled works from factories to fight. These workers were replaced them with peasant farmers, leaving fewer rural laborers . Peasant farmers had long felt that they should be allowed to own the land they workedRead MoreEssay on Russian Revolution946 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 1900’s the Russian Government made it extremely hard for the Bolsheviks to progress which made them revolt against the government making this a prime matter for the start of the Revolution. The Czarist government was ostracized by the common people of Russia so Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown by the Provisional Government, whom later on were overthrown by Lenin and shortly after the Bolsheviks took control over Russia. Russia was hard to develop because of the major leaders who had control;Read MoreThe Russian Revolution And World War I1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe Russian Revolution and World War I Samantha Jones Period 3 19 May 2017 The Russian Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, took place in the year 1917. This revolution was the result of many things, though it majorly began as a revolt by the peasant and working classes against the current czar, Nicholas II, and the Russian government. It was when the final czar and his family were killed. This revolution is what led Lenin and the Bolsheviks into power. It was aRead More‚Äà ºLeft Wing Single Party States Achieve Power as the Result of a Revolutionary Process Against Tradition.‚Äà ¹ Does This Adequately Explain How Any One Single Party State That You Have Studied Acquired Power?1683 Words   |  7 Pagessingle party state that you have studied acquired power? In 1917, a revolution took place in Russia that overthrew the traditional Tsarist regime and brought a single party state, the Bolshevik Party, into power. The Bolshevik party harnessed the revolutionary spirit from the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in order to overthrow the Provisional government and eventually seize power. There are several reasons that the Bolshevik Party went against tradition including the failure of the Tsarist regimeRead MoreThe Measures of the Bolsheviks to Maintain Power and Address the Problems of Russia Before the Outbreak of Civil War532 Words   |  3 PagesThe Measures of the Bolsheviks to Maintain Power and Address the Problems of Russia Before the Outbreak of Civil War After the Bolsheviks seizure of power in November 1917, Lenin needed to ensure all previously made promises were kept and that Russias increasing problems were resolved. The Bolsheviks were a relatively small party with big plans for Russia - a communist state. Is this were to be possible Lenin would need to gain greater support. Lenin made several crucialRead MoreHow Far Was the Provisional Government Responsible for Its Own Downfall?847 Words   |  3 PagesGovernment came into power Russia was in a state of major unrest. Russia had just overthrown the Tsarist regime, which had been in place for three hundred years and there were multiple groups who wanted to take power for themselves such as Lenins Bolsheviks, they were fighting in an endless war and losing terribly, peasants where rebelling in the countryside and the people were angered over food shortages. On top of all these problems the Provisional Government was made up of members of the Duma whoRead MoreEssay on Account For the Success of the Bolsheviks in October 19171936 Words   |  8 PagesAccount For the Success of the Bolsheviks in October 1917 At the beginning of 1917 most of the Bolsheviks were in exile but by the end of 1917 the Bolshevik party had not only consolidated control of Moscow and Petrograd, but they were also advancing on the rest of the country. This success was due to several linked factors; the Bolshevik policy of non-cooperation, weakness of the Provisional Government, division of alternative opposition, Lenins leadership skills,Read MoreReasons for Russias October Revolution922 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the reasons for the October revolution? The revolution in Russia started spontaneously in February 1917 when the Bolsheviks leader Vladimir Lenin plotted to overthrow the government and take power. The Tsar in Russia Nicholas II was abdicated in March 1917 and the provisional committee of the Duma formed the provisional government. The â€Å"duel power† interrupted the government authority and the soviets were in control. Now the provisional government decided to continue with the war becauseRead MoreChange in Russia Following the 1917 Revolution1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe Russian Socialist Party, the Bolsheviks brought about dramatic changes in Russian society following the 1917 Revolution. They took advantage of the unique time and place and once they had gained control of Russia they were willing to go to any lengths to ensure they remained in power and their Socialist ideals were put into action. The social organisation in Russia was an unjust system of autocracy, resulting in a majority of discontent. Russian society consisted of large amounts of peasants

The High Cost Of Minimum Wage - 929 Words

The high cost of minimum wage For a while now many have been demanding minimum wage be brought up to 15 dollars. Strikes and protests for it are nothing new. Who wouldn t want to get paid more? This idea seems promising, but it may turn into a deadly trap ready to paralyze our economy. Minimum wage should not be raised to 15 dollars for at least several years because it will ruin our economy. It would be very costly, unfair and counterproductive if that were to happen. Raising minimum wage to 15 dollars is an expensive and tricky direction to take. It s impossible to do without running into serious consequences. Six dollars doesn t seem like much, but it s a big deal if that s how much more an employer would have to pay each employee in Massachusetts. America needs to be smart when it comes to minimum wage. Bassell explains how we have already watched the consequences unfolding of higher minimum wage in American Samoa: â€Å"American Samoa had to incrementally increase their minimum wage commencing in 2007.(...) and while the average earnings increased by 27%, prices increased by 34%, so life became more difficult for the entire island. Eventually, President Obama had to freeze the increases†(Instant). It s understandable that everyone wants to get paid more, but no one wants to pay for overpriced food, clothing and rent to name a few. If minimum wage goes up drastically inflation will get out of control. In order to pay their employees $15. 00, companies will be left withShow MoreRelatedThe Cost Of Idealism : Setting The Appropriate Minimum Wage1618 Words   |  7 Pages The Cost of Idealism: Setting the Appropriate Minimum Wage Blake Kaiser-Lack Williams Economics 19 November 2015 In Seattle this past August, Ritu Shah Burnham and his 11 co-workers at a small ZPizza lost their jobs and business to one seemingly beneficial culprit: the minimum wage. After huge wage hikes in cities like Seattle, San Francisco, and Oakland, small businesses similar to Burnham’s have been following suit due to increased labor costs that eradicate businesses’Read MoreRaising The Federal Minimum Wage1225 Words   |  5 Pages Study shows that wage increases do lower poverty, by 2.4% if wage at $8.00, consistent with other studies. (Washington Post/ Arin Dube) 1. Raising the federal minimum wage doesn’t cause substantial unemployment as most economists agree, including over 600 economists who wrote a letter to Congress urging a wage increase, and the Economic Policy Institute. A. Identify shortcomings of the opposition (fallacies they make, or weaknesses in the evidence they use) 1. Arin Dube’s study would be great,Read MoreShould Minimum Wage Be Raised?870 Words   |  4 PagesShould Minimum Wage Be Raised? Minimum wage has always been a controversial issue. Many politicians use the argument of minimum wage for their own political propaganda. Some may argue minimum wage should be raised, while others believe it will have detrimental effects on our economy if it is raised. Surprising to most people, minimum wage earners make up only a small percent of American workers. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, minimum wage workers make up about 2.8% of all workersRead More The Negative Effects of Raising the Minimum Wage Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesIf we took away the minimum wage, we could wipe out unemployment completely because we would be able to offer jobs at every possible skill level. -- Michele Bachmann Proponents of raising the minimum wage claim that if the minimum wage was raised, then many economic and social problems would be alleviated. This contention is at odds both with economic principles and years of creditable research. The effect of raising or even having a minimum wage has been studied extensively and theRead MoreImplementation of Minimum Wages Policies in Malysia1401 Words   |  6 Pagessectors, the wages of an employee had always been a matter of consensus between an employer and an employee depending on the elasticity of demand and supply in the labor market. It is not subjected to any government or legislative intervention, thought de facto minimum wage may exist as a result of custom and extra-legal pressure from unions. This matter which may be agrees upon between employer and the employee. However, the Parliament had recently passed new laws to impose the minimum wages of an employeeRead MoreMinimum Wage1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of minimum wage and whether it should increase or not continues to be a hot topic among people. With today’s economy, families struggle to make ends meet due to their low income, while others argue that a minimum wage increase will do more harm than good. Others also argue that the minimum wage should in fact be the living wage (Huffington Post, 2016). As defined by The Balance (2017), a living wage is â€Å"the amount of income needed to provide a decent standard of living.† According toRead MoreMinimum Wage : Low Skilled And Young Workers1553 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Minimum wage, a program created to help the poor, has every contrary effect to its well intentions. Throughout the history, people who hurt the most during minimum wage hikes are the low-skilled and young workers. Drastically raising minimum wage is meaningless as high inflation usually comes alongside with wage increases. Past economic statistics have shown that the rate of increase in inflation usually outpaced the rate of increase in minimum wage. Thus, the real value wage workers receiveRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Minimum Wage1282 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum Wage Should the government raise minimum wage? Should the government lower or keep the current minimum wage? Minimum wage is a very controversial topic when it is discussed between all parties. For those arguing for minimum wage increase believe that it will bring people living below the poverty line above it. Former President Obama stated, â€Å" no one working forty hours deserves to be living in poverty.† For those arguing against the raise on minimum wage believe that it has more negativeRead MoreGetting A Good Pay For Supporting My Family s Financial Needs936 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidering the cost of providing for such a family. In my family, everyone was working except my younger siblings and me. I can recall my parents telling me not to be concerned about the financial status of our family, but rather put all my focus on education. I used to see bills piling up and could only be settled when they were late. As I got older, the question of what was the cause of the situation at home became frequent. The answer to the question became vivid later after high school. The firstRead MoreThe Minimum Wage Should Not Reduce Poverty1214 Words   |  5 PagesMillions of Americans live in poverty, unable to find high paying jobs to support themselves and their families. Common belief persists that paying a higher minimum wage would aid in lifting people out of poverty by giving those with low paying jobs a higher income, however the evidence suggests otherwise. As the 2016 race for the White House heats up, the minimum wage battle stands at the forefront of every economic discussion. The rhetoric between candidates within and across party lines intensifies

Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. Answer: Introduction: Isabel Arnett made the decision to refuse the permit people to conduct extra investigation within the corporation in order to revise the possible negative effects of Kafluk as she did not provide with the side effects of the vaccine. Also, the was aware that if so many people were falling sick and were getting harmed by the vaccine then it may have certain negative effects which would harm his reputation and his business. Therefore, it was considered to be against the business ethics that it only thought about profit of the organization whereas if she would have followed the ethical way then it would have made the decision in the favor of the community at large. There have been a number of reasons as per which such ethical issues occur in the business but in this case the main reason was the motive of earning profit. Arnett only thought about making large profits so it manufactured a vaccine so that the bird flu which was prevailing in the state could be secured. As, if all the corporations strictly adhere to the aim of maximizing their profit then they would not welfare the community at large and would only focus on their own welfare. Also employing in unethical acts means that the corporation could not get away with it i.e. no individual would ever gain knowledge of their immoral events (Ali, 2015). No, an individual who stick on to the standard of privileges in order to believe it ethical for Arnett to not to reveal the probable security apprehensions and decline to execute supplementary investigation on Kafluk. As they suppose that a major issue in shaping whether a trade verdict which was taken was ethical or not would be decided by affirming that how the decision affects the privileges of other individuals. Other individuals include the customers, employees and society as whole. And in this case only private profit making was the basis upon which decision was taken and the welfare of society was averted. So, the decision would be unethical (Kolb, 2008). Even if Kafluk would have prohibited 50 Asian individuals who were contaminated with bird flu from failing then also, it would not have changed the ethical consideration in this scenario. It was not modified because the Duty Based ethics of the trade states that traditionally when the standard of behavior derives from revealed truths, religious authorities it involves the concept of right and wrong. Therefore, it could be stated that the decision even if individuals were protected by the vaccine but the decision taken would still be considered as unethical and against the business (Weiss, 2008). No, Tamik or Arnett did not contravene the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in this case as the Act specifically prohibit the bribery of most of the officers of foreign administrations if the aim of making imbursement was to motivate the officer to grant trade opportunity which did not take place in this case. In this case only welfare of community as a whole was suppressed by profit making of the organization (Clarkson, et al., 2014). References Ali, A.J. (2015). Handbook of Research on Islamic Business Ethics Research Handbooks in Business and Management series. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Clarkson, K.W., Miller, R.L., Cross, F.B. (2014). Business Law: Text and Cases. (13th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Kolb, R.W. (2008). Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, Volume 1 A Sage reference publication Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. California: SAGE. Weiss, J. (2008). Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach. (5th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.

Teaching Creationism In Schools Essays - Creationism, Pseudoscience

Teaching Creationism in Schools The issue of teaching creationism in the public schools has long been debated. Over the years many different arguments have been made. First creationists tried to have the teaching of evolution outlawed. This issue went to the Supreme Court in 1968, where in _Epperson v. Arkansas_ the high court ruled against banning the teaching of evolution. Soon after this decision creationists began to call for 'equal time', or the equal treatment of creation theory and evolution theory. When this attempt also failed creationists turned to 'creation science' (Grunes 465). Today the major argument for the teaching of creationism in public schools is that creationism is a scientific theory and thus should be taught alongside evolution. The combatants against creationism being taught in public schools are those who believe creation science is bad science and those who believe it violates the separation of church and state. Supporters of creation science are organizations that are collectively refere d to as the New Christian Right, such as the Institute for Creation Research. On the other hand, those who oppose creation science are usually scientists, educators, and civil liberties organizations (Grunes 466). The majority of those people who desire for creationism to be taught in the public schools cite that it is scientific. They push for the teaching of creation science which is defined as "scientific evidence for creation and the inferences from that evidence" (Tatina 275). The inferences from that evidence are "sudden creation of the universe from nothing, recent formulation of the earth, creation of man and other biological kinds, a worldwide flood", and "the insufficiency of mutation and natural selection in bringing about development of living kinds from a single organism" (Grunes 470). These creation scientists, as they are called, want the teaching of the two scientific theories, evolution and creation science, to be taught side by side. In 1992 a Vermont school district passed a resolution stating that "creation be presented as a viable theory on an equal status with the various theories of evolution" (Scott 12). The main desire is that creation be given the same time as evoluti on to be presented as a possible theory on the beginnings of this universe. Many people feel that creation science is only an attempt to side step the religious issue. Since religious beliefs cannot be taught in public schools the creationists "repackaged the Bible as science" (10). This statement causes one to consider if the Bible is a scientific book. Many creationists would agree that the Bible is the inspired Word of God, and not a scientific book. Yet, creation scientists want us to believe that the Bible is scientific. By comparing creation science to evolution, creation scientists attempt to logically show creation is a science. They draw parallels which attempt to put creation science at the same level as evolution. The definitions of creation science and evolution science in the Arkansas law demonstrate this attempted parallel. The law states, "Creation-science means the scientific evidences for creation and inferences from those scientific evidences" and, "Evolution-science means the scientific evidences for evolution and inferences from those scientific evidences" (Ruse 292-93). There are also those who believe creationism should not be taught because it is bad science. Scientists who have studied the claims of scientific creationism state that it "misstates evolutionary theory, presents erroneous data, and reveals a gross misunderstanding of the nature of science" (Scott 10). For example, creation scientists often use quotes that look as if to challenge evolution, but they are often taken out of context and these quotes from scientific literature actually are questioning the 'how' of evolution (Ruse 289). In _Scientific Creationism_ a quote by Theodosius Dobzhansky is used which makes the reader believe he is questioning evolution (Morris 6). Theodosius Dobzhansky is one of the greatest supporters of evolution. Ruse writes that "philosophically and methodologically the creationists do not act like scientists, and that substantively the creationist's contentions are without scientific merit" (Ruse 290). Ruse also states that "science must be explanatory, tes table, and tentative" (301). Some believe that creation science is "a jumble of half-truths" (In the 17). In the _Epperson v. Arkansas_ decision the argument that creationism is scientific was rejected because of the fact that it did

Natnl Missile Defense essays

Natn'l Missile Defense essays Ever since nuclear weapons of mass destruction have existed, people have been attempting to create ways to prevent a war that would bring about a worldwide Arma-geddon. Many of todays top military and government officials have been studying ways in which the United States can protect itself from a nuclear missile attack. What they have come up with is the National Missile Defense program, or NMD. The NMD would consist of a network of satellites, early-warning devices, and missiles pro-grammed to spot an incoming nuclear missile. When a nuclear missile is detected, the NMD would automatically launch the computer-guided interceptor missiles to seek out and destroy the incoming nuclear missile. This program, however, should not be im-plemented or researched any further. There are a few factors to support this claim. First, the NMD program is very costly. According to the website of the Federation of American Scientists, the projected total costs by the year 2005 will be close to $14 bil-lion dollars, obviously a large amount of money that could be well spent elsewhere. Second, the NMD program is ineffective. There are many ways for a rouge state or a terrorist group with nuclear capabilities to get around the NMD. Third, an American development of a NMD program would be a violation one of the most important inter-national nuclear weapons agreements of the nuclear age: the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM). During the height of the cold war, the threat of a nuclear attack was real. Many citizens were afraid that an enemy state, most likely the Soviet Union, would launch nuclear missiles at the US. This fear was almost realized during the Cuban Missile cri-sis in 1962. Fortunately, that crisis passed without any nuclear missiles launched. The fear of an attack, however, stayed with many people. It became the goal of the United States to stockpile weapons, to use in the event of a nuclear attack from...

Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essays

Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essays Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essay Examining The Green Paper Every Child Matters Social Work Essay In 2003, the authorities published a Green Paper called Every Child Matters. This was published alongside the formal response to the study into the decease of Victoria Climbie , the immature miss who was horrifically abused, tortured, and finally killed by her great aunt and the adult male with whom they lived. The Every Child Matters ( ECM ) Green Paper identified the five results that are most of import to kids and immature people, which include being healthy, remaining safe, basking and accomplishing, doing a positive part and accomplishing economic wellbeing. These five results are cosmopolitan aspirations for every kid and immature individual, whatever their background and fortunes ( DfES, 2003 ) . The results are reciprocally reenforcing, for illustration kids and immature people learn to boom when they are healthy, safe and engaged, and the grounds shows clearly that educational accomplishment is the most effectual path out of poorness ( DfES, 2003 ) . Therefore in this essa y I am traveling to critically measure the current statute law, policies and processs that impact on looked-after kids ( LAC ) with mention to two of the five ECM results: being healthy and basking and accomplishing. CONTEXT FOR LAC Under the Children Act 1989, a kid is looked after by a local authorization if he/she is in their attention or provided with adjustment for more than 24 hours by the local authorization. This includes kids who are accommodated under a voluntary understanding with their parents ( subdivision 20 ) , kids who are the topic of a attention order ( subdivision 31 ) or interim attention order ( subdivision 38 ) and kids who are the topic of exigency orders ( subdivision 44 ) ( opsi.gov.uk ) .A The Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) national statistics for LAC in England ( including acceptance and attention departers ) for the twelvemonth stoping 31 March 2009 noted that there were about 60,900 LAC, which is 2 % more than last twelvemonth s figure of 59,400 and comparatively unchanged compared to 2005 ( 61,000 ) . The bulk ( 73 % ) of kids were of White British beginning, with the staying 27 per cent being from a assortment of other cultural backgrounds ( DCSF, 2009 ) . The bulk of LAC 73 per cent are looked after by surrogate carers, with 1 in 6 of these placed with household and friends. A little figure of kids ( 290 in 2007 ) live in secure kids s places, either as welfare arrangements or placed by the Youth Justice Board. About a 3rd of kids ( 30 % ) are placed outside of their local authorization boundary, although around half of these still live within 20 stat mis of their place. This has deductions for how services are commissioned for these ki ds. The authorities hence developed policies and statute law which highlight a thrust towards significantly bettering the future results of all LAC. Health OF LOOKED-AFTER CHILDREN It is of import to observe that kids and immature people should bask the best physical, emotional, mental and religious wellness and development so that they feel good about themselves and their lives ( CYPNow, 2009 ) . The National Service Framework for Children and Young People ( DoH, 2004 ) besides states that all kids should accomplish the best physical and emotional wellbeing. But research has shown that LAC s physical and mental wellness is known to be significantly poorer than that of the general kid population. LAC are amongst the most socially excluded of all immature people. They are often reported in authorities research, policy and counsel to hold greater demands than their equals yet are less likely to have equal health care and intervention ( DoH, 2004 ) . Meltzer et Al. ( 2003 ) found that about two-thirds of all LAC were reported to hold at least one physical ailment. The most often reported were oculus and/or sight jobs, address or linguistic communication jobs, bed-wetting ( including among older kids ) , trouble with coordination, and asthma ( DCSF, 2008 ) . A survey analyzing the immunization position of over 3,000 kids looked after by nine wellness governments across England found that they were more than twice every bit likely as kids populating at place non to hold received the meningococcal C vaccinum ( Hill, Mather et al. , 2003 ) . A survey in Wales reported that kids who had been in public attention for at least six months were significantly less likely than kids populating in their ain places to hold received immunizations against lockjaw, whooping cough and infantile paralysis ( DoH, 2002 ) . However all these surveies were undertaken in the early 2000s and betterments in the wellness demands of vulnerable immature people have since been recorded by most local governments. For illustration, the mean immunization rate rose from 76.5 per cent in 2005 to 80 per cent in 2007 ( DoH, 2008 ) . This addition was influenced by the launch of the Quality Protects Initiative ( 1998 ) and the 2002 Department of Health Guidance on Promoting the Health of LAC which influenced many local governments in the state to hold local wellness squads dedicated to working with LAC. This holistic theoretical account of wellness in the 2002 counsel uses the spheres of the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their households ( DH, 2000b ) . This is merged with the LAC system to make the Integrated Children s System ( DH, 2002 ) which provides the common model for appraisal, intercession and planning for all kids in demand including LAC. The counsel provinces that when a kid enters th e attention system, they should have a wellness appraisal by a registered medical practician within 14 yearss, which provides a footing for a wellness program which will so be reviewed yearly ( DH, 2002 ) . The mental wellness demands of LAC are widely known to be greater than those of the general population ( Utting et al. , 1997 ) . Meltzer et Al. ( 2003 ) found that 45 per cent of LAC aged 5 to 17 were assessed as holding a mental upset compared to 10 per cent of the general population, while a study by the National Foundation for Educational Research ( 2009 ) found that many attention departers were enduring from mental wellness jobs ( CYPNow, 2009 ) . Early household experiences which may hold resulted in the immature individual being in attention, coupled with experiences within the attention system such as frequent arrangement moves, strong-arming and maltreatment, may lend to the high degrees of mental wellness demands of LAC ( Minty 1999 cited in Callahan et al. , 2003 ) . In order to run into the demands of LAC with mental wellness jobs, the Care Matters White Paper stated that the authorities will utilize statutory counsel to guarantee CAMHS ( Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services ) provide targeted and dedicated proviso that suitably prioritises kids in attention . But the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( NSPCC ) saw a startling disagreement between assessed demands and service proviso for mental wellness. Research shows that up to 17, 000 kids in attention who have mental or emotional wellness demands received no support from CAMHS in 2006-07, go forthing them reliant on voluntary sector proviso ( Ward et al. , 2002 ) . A figure of grounds are suggested to explicate this mismatch of demands and services. First, many general CAMHS usage rigorous referral standards to find the rightness of referrals, and will merely accept immature people who meet those standards. Long waiting lists farther complicate issues for immature people, and are an obvious manner in which general CAMHS are unresponsive to the demands of vulnerable immature people. Typically, immature people are referred at a clip of crisis. Although it is non needfully allow for CAMHS to be wholly crisis responsive, it is however improbably of import for vulnerable immature people to have aid at the point when they try to prosecute the system. Besides many CAMHS services do non supply intervention at all for kids in short-run arrangements or those deemed non stable, despite the fact that behavioral or emotional jobs may forestall a kid accomplishing stableness. The consequence will be that each clip a kid moves arrangement they will hold to be re-referred to CAMHS and get down at the underside of long waiting lists ( Ward et al. , 2002 ) . For attention departers, it was noted that conflicting theoretical accounts of pattern between kid, stripling and grownup mental wellness services and higher thresholds for referrals into grownup services affected professionals ability to supply attention departers with proper support ( CYPNow, 2009 ) . Specialist squads and practicians can better the service kids in attention receive from mental wellness services by supplying fast response and appraisal, audience to carers and societal workers, placement support, and priceless protagonism, every bit good as intervention ( DoH, 2002 ) . Besides professionals and carers who work with vulnerable people need to be trained as they frequently find it hard to place mental wellness demands and to do appropriate referrals ( Minnis and Del Priore 2001, cited in Harper and Dwivedi, 2004 ) . The Audit Commission ( 1999 ) maintains that CAMHS should be planned in concurrence with other bureaus, as the mental wellness of kids and immature people is the duty of all those straight involved with kids and non merely the duty of CAMHS ( DfES, 2004 ) , and this is in line with the Integrated Children s System and the National Service Framework for Children and Young People ( DfES, 2004 ) . EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES OF LOOKED-AFTER CHILDREN The importance of basking a good educational experience is cardinal for all kids, and could be argued to be paramount for LAC and immature people. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, article 28 ( 1 ) provinces that all kids have the equal right to instruction ( cited by UNICEF, 2006 ) . Jackson ( 1994 ) cited in Blyth and Milner ( 1996 ) points out that it is merely through school that kids earn a passport to a different sort of future as it improves the chances for their employment, fiscal independency, personal and household life and wellness and wellbeing ) .Those without instruction are at a personal and institutional disadvantage.A This is said to be one of the grounds why parents care so passionately: why they move house, take out insurance and even put on the line political animadversion to direct their kids to a school of their pick. Are local governments prepared to do comparable forfeits in their function as parents? Are they inspired to procure a different sort of hereafter for their kids? ( Blyth and Milner, 1996 ) Research shows that LAC achieve significantly poorer educational results than other kids. It has been noted that, in 2008-09, merely 44 per cent of LAC had at least 1 GSCE or GNVQ compared to 46 per cent in 2007-8, and merely 7 per cent obtained at least 5 GCSEs at class A* to C, a figure which has remained the same over the last few old ages ( DSCF, 2009 ) . Even though the authorities has initiated some policies and strategies to better the educational attainment of LAC, wide-scale betterment has been much slower than anticipated. Some of the policies initiated include Quality Protects ( 1998 ) , Children ( Leaving Care ) Act 2000, the Care Standards Act 2000, Every Child Matters Green Paper 2003 taking to the Children Act 2004, Education and Inspections Act 2006 and Care Matters: Time for Change White Paper 2007. Hayden ( 2005 ) states that the chief grounds for hapless educational results include: unequal corporate parenting, the attention environment, a failure to prioritize instruction, inappropriate outlooks, arrangement instability and disrupted schooling every bit good as pre-care experiences ( Hayden, 2005: 343 ) . The Social Exclusion Unit study A Better Education for Children in Care identified cardinal countries for action based on bettering the educational attainment of kids in attention. One was to understate school absenteeism and exclusion of LAC in schools. This has been addressed by the Social Exclusion Policy Unit which was launched in 1997 and the Guidance on the Education of Young People in Public Care ( 2000 ) which states that LAC should non be for good excluded and that exclusion is to be used merely as a last resort ( DfES, 2000 ) . Although national marks were set to cut down the figure of school exclusions by one tierce before the twelvemonth 2002, the graduated table of the job is difficult to quantify. Statisticss on kids for good excluded represent merely a proportion of exclusions, but over recent old ages Numberss appear to hold been lifting systematically, particularly among younger students. Social disadvantage is a common subject: kids in public attention, travelers, immature carers and kids with SEN, African Caribbean students and male childs are peculiarly at hazard. It has been estimated that up to 30 % of kids in public attention are out of mainstream instruction at any minute whether through exclusion or hooky ( DH, 2000 ) . Separate on-site support units have yet to hold much positive impact on exclusion or suspension figures, though school-based societal workers and instruction public assistance officers have been shown to be effectual ( Department of Health research in pattern, 2000 ) . The usage of designated instructors to work with LAC in schools was introduced by the authorities counsel Supporting and Promoting the Education Achievement of Young People in Public Care ( 2000 ) , and is besides stated in subdivision 20 of the Children and Young Persons Act 2008. The function of the designated instructor is to move as an advocator for LAC within their school and to work in partnership with other professionals when fixing a Personal Education Plan ( PEP ) . The Social Exclusion Unit ( SEU ) study found that although some schools actively promoted the usage of designated instructors, other schools provided designated instructors with few or no extra resources ( SEU, 2003 ) . Fletcher-Campbell et Al. ( 2003 ) cited in Petch ( 2009 ) found that there were troubles in guaranting that all kids in attention really had a PEP. Some instructors interviewed in their survey felt that PEPs were merely a paper exercising. Harker et Al. ( 2003 ) reported a deficiency of apprehension in some schools of the PEPs and the designated instructor s function. Merely 42 per cent of the immature people in their survey had heard of PEPs, and non all of those really had one. Out-of-school-hours educational support and extra-curricular activities can hold a positive consequence on educational results and can play an of import function in guaranting that looked-after immature people are enjoying and accomplishing , an of import aim in Every Child Matters ( DfES, 2003 ) . Article 31 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child besides states that all kids have the right to take part in leisure, cultural and artistic activities ( UNICEF, 2008 ) . However, research has shown that current out-of-school-hours survey support and extra-curricular proviso for looked-after kids vary a great trade by country. The Social Exclusion Unit found that merely three quarters of the 2,000 kids in attention that it surveyed had entree to after-school activities and nines, and merely two tierces used them ( SEU, 2003 ) . Those populating in residential places or with parents, as opposed to further carers, had lower degrees of entree. Similarly, a survey of athletics found that more than one tierce of LAC non presently playing athletics would wish to, and 91 per cent of immature people in attention who were questioned identified at least one barrier to engagement that they personally faced: cost ( Who Cares? Trust, 2004 ) . The authorities developed the Department for Education and Skills Guidance ( DfES 2006 ) which states that schools can utilize their delegated budgets to subsidize drawn-out activities that conveying an educational benefit for vulnerable kids and immature people, including LAC. The Green Paper Care Matters: Transforming the Lifes of Children and Young People ( DfES, 2006 ) besides encouraged local governments to supply free entree for kids in attention to all their installations including leisure Centres, athleticss evidences and young person nines. However, the impact of these commissariats on out-of-school-hours larning activities for LAC seems to change across different schools and local governments and still needs to be closely monitored. On attention departers, surveies have shown that the effects of neglecting to obtain educational makings are really serious, frequently reprobating immature people to life on the borders of society ( Biehal et al. , 1995 ) . Their opportunities to hold a good and stable life are damaged by the deficiency of support and services offered whilst in attention and during the critical passage to adult life. Since the pioneering research of Stein and Carey ( 1986 ) cited in Biehal et al. , 2004, the troubles and challenges confronting immature people go forthing attention have been more widely recognised. For illustration, attention departers make up 30 per cent of stateless immature people ( Hutson, 1997 ) . An enquiry by the Howard League into the usage of prison detention for adolescent misss found that 40 per cent of 15- to 17-year-olds had been in attention ( Biehal, et Al, 1995 ) . These effects are non short-run ; with fewer occupations available for ill educated people, the employment chances of those once in attention get increasingly worse as they grow older and their chances for engagement in mainstream society lessening ( Biehal et al. , 1995 ) . However, even though there is grounds of some advancement in GCSE public presentation and in post-16 instruction and employment since the debut of the Children ( Leaving Care ) Act 2000 ( Petch, 2009 ) , studies indicate that many immature people are still go forthing attention early and that the chief elements of passage to adulthood be given to be compressed and accelerated ( McNeish et al. , 2002 ) . This therefore shows that societal workers and other professionals involved with kids in attention still necessitate to make a batch in doing certain that immature people are given all the support they need before traveling out of attention. The importance of inter-agency working among professionals working with LAC has been stressed in legion policies and statute law to better their results. For illustration, the Audit Commission study, Seen but non Heard ( 1994 ) , cited in Alcock et Al. ( 2008 ) stressed the necessity to accept shared duty when reacting to the educational demands of LAC and immature people: Social Services and instruction demand to accept joint ownership of the job of disrupted instruction of LAC and work together to happen solutions ( Audit Commission, 1994, p. 25 ) . Most late there has been Working Together to Safeguard Children ( 2006 ) , which states that, a shared duty and the demand for effectual articulation working between bureaus and professionals that have different functions and expertness are required if kids are to be protected from injury and their public assistance promoted ( DCSF, 2006: p.10 ) . Successful inter-agency working is non ever achieved as societal workers and instructors have different professional civilizations, and in today s universe have separate marks and ends, which are set by the Government. Current policies have identified societal workers as being cardinal to bettering the criterions of LAC s instruction, as they advocate on behalf of LAC, initiate Personal Education Plans, arrange LAC reappraisals and liaise with all professionals involved in a LAC s life. However the attitudes and actions of societal workers have been considered as causal to the hapless accomplishment of LAC. Specifically they have been cri ticised for giving instruction a low precedence, holding low outlooks of LAC and neglecting to value the importance of instruction as a manner of bettering self-esteem ( Iwaniec and Hill, 2000 ) . Aldgate et Al. ( 1993 ) reported that merely 2 % of societal workers consider the support of educational attainment as an of import facet of their occupation. Harker et Al. ( 2003 ) besides suggest that the force per unit areas of a societal worker s heavy caseload may ensue in them giving greater precedence to issues they consider to be more of import than the instruction of LAC. Decision Even though the authorities has launched a figure of enterprises to better the wellness and educational results of LAC, advancement has been slow and there is a deficiency of consistence across the state. Multi-disciplinary working has been identified as being cardinal to guaranting that LAC are provided with the best chance to make their full potency. The General Social Care Council ( GSCC ) codification of pattern provinces that societal workers should recognize and esteem the functions and expertness of workers from other bureaus and working in partnership with them ( GSCC, 2002 ) . However, this is non ever go oning, as hapless communicating between societal workers and instructors has been cited as a cause for concern in a figure of surveies. Therefore societal work practicians need to reevaluate their degree of communicating and to be cognizant of the bing policies and counsel to guarantee best pattern and recommend efficaciously for their kids.

Theories of Marketing Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Marketing Development - Essay Example This theory applies to Sony considerably given that the organization spends heavily in R&D across all the product lines. As per statement released in 2003 by Nobuyuki Idei, Chairman & CEO of Sony Corporation, the organization planned to spend 500 billion Yens (about 5.1 billion US Dollars as per current rate) in three years to develop competitive key electronic devices through internal innovations although the organization invested 502 billion Yens (about 5.12 billion US Dollars) in 2005 itself. [Sony Corporation, 2003; Sony Corporation, 2005] Sony has been practicing creative destruction by forcing the old available products towards obsolescence by virtue of their innovations. One excellent example is the â€Å"style† innovation of Sony latest Pocket Style VAIO P that is expected to yet again create a new niche segment for Sony that may force laptops to obsolescence especially in applications like Internet usage, word processing, multi-media & entertainment, messaging, Internet-based telephony, etc. [Prokaza, Julian. 2009] Sony practices the strategy of Differentiation Strategy thus targeting niche markets where products are unique and sold at premium rates. They tend to develop unique market segments where there aren’t any competitions and the pricing strategies are totally in their own control. Walkman, Play Station, and now the Pocket Style Vaio P are examples of product uniqueness that Sony brings to the market. In these markets, Sony is not bogged down by competition that practice Cost Leadership strategy. Sony practices product uniqueness (differentiation) and achieves the same by virtue of huge investments in Innovation and R&D.